nicotinamide→Niacinamide→Glycoside Hydrolases→callose→poly-ADP-ribose

• 12154146(nicotinamide): Chloroisonicotinamide derivative induces a broad range of disease resistance in rice and tobacco.

  Therefore , it is suggested that NCI induces SAR by triggering signaling at the same level as or downstream of SA accumulation as do both benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid.

• 12728993(Niacinamide): N-cyanomethyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide induces systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis without salicylic acid accumulation.

  Thus , NCI activates SAR , independently from ethylene and jasmonic acid , by stimulating the site between SA and NPR1.

• 18393624(Glycoside Hydrolases): Discovery of ADP-ribosylation and other plant defense pathway elements through expression profiling of four different Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas R-avr interactions.

  EIN2 (ethylene response) and IXR1 and IXR2 (cellulose synthase) mutants impacted the FLS2-mediated responses that occur during PARP inhibition , whereas no impacts were observed for NPR1 , PAD4 , or NDR1 mutants.

• 19889874(callose): Disruption of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation mechanisms alters responses of Arabidopsis to biotic stress.

  Poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation is a posttranslational protein modification in which ADP-ribose (ADP-Rib) units derived from NAD (+) are attached to proteins by poly (ADP-Rib) polymerase (PARP) enzymes.

• 7980541(poly-ADP-ribose): ADP-ribosylation of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins in HeLa cells.

  Poly and mono (ADP-ribosyl) transferases catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to acceptor proteins.