IL-1 beta→Leukocyte Elastase→NAD→poly-ADP-ribose

• 19096964(IL-1+beta): Serum interleukin-1beta as a marker for differentiation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

  Out of a total of 1023 patients screened , we included in the study ten patients each with atopic asthma , non-atopic asthma and COPD and ten healthy subjects.

• 18197923(Leukocyte Elastase): Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: Similarities and differences.

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE : While recent studies have shown that patients with COPD and patients with asthma exhibit evidence of airway and systemic inflammation , markers of systemic inflammation have not been compared between the two diseases.

• 12853070(NAD): Systemic poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress in COPD patients.

  Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) strongly suggest a role for the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1 , E.C. 2.4.2.30) in the disease pathophysiology.

• 8080500(poly-ADP-ribose): Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity.

  Poly (adenosine 5 ' - diphosphoribose) synthetase (PARS) is a nuclear enzyme which , when activated by DNA strand breaks , adds up to 100 adenosine 5 ' - diphosphoribose (ADP-ribose) units to nuclear proteins such as histones and PARS itself.