IL-1 beta→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→NF-kappa B→Interleukin-6→ATF2

• 19096964(IL-1+beta): Serum interleukin-1beta as a marker for differentiation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

  Our results showed that in the symptomatic phase in asthmatics , serum IL-1beta levels were higher (P (0.05) than in patients with COPD.

• 19950277(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in mixed cryoglobulinemia.

  CONCLUSION : Our findings demonstrate elevated serum levels of IL-1beta , IL-6 , and TNFalpha in patients with HCV-MC.

• 16435581(NF-kappa B): p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB on IL-6 release in human gingival fibroblasts.

  IL-13 stimulated NF-kappaB binding affinity as well as p38 MAP kinase activation , leading to the release of IL-6.

• 12760489(Interleukin-6): Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibits interleukin-6 release and expression in primary neonatal cardiomyocytes.

  In this study , IFN-gamma enhancement of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB binding affinity as well as p38 MAP kinase activation was observed.

• 16724115(ATF2): Inhibition of IFN-gamma transcription by site-specific methylation during T helper cell development.

  In vivo , the same factors bind to the unmethylated IFN-gamma promoter in T helper type 1 (TH1) cells but not the methylated IFN-gamma promoter in TH2 cells.