IL-1 beta→Interleukin-1→NF-kappa B→NF-kappa B→ATF3

• 19274529(IL-1+beta): Interleukin-1beta gene (IL-1beta) polymorphisms (SNP -511 and SNP +3953) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) among the Polish population.

  CONCLUSIONS : No association between the IL-1beta polymorphisms and the TAO existed , so those polymorphisms are not suitable genetic markers for TAO.

• 10566653(Interleukin-1): Expression of hyaluronan synthase messenger ribonucleic acids and their induction by interleukin-1beta in human orbital fibroblasts: potential insight into the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

  Here we report that IL-1beta can dramatically and consistently induce in orbital fibroblasts the expression of HAS2 in the five orbital strains examined.

• 18224424(NF-kappa B): The antioxidant effect exerted by TGF-1beta-stimulated hyaluronan production reduced NF-kB activation and apoptosis in human fibroblasts exposed to FeSo4 plus ascorbate.

  Treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-1beta 12 h before inducing oxidative stress greatly increased HA levels , ameliorated cell survival , inhibited lipid peroxidation , blunted NF-kB translocation , normalized IkBalpha protein , reduced caspase gene expression and protein levels , and restored the endogenous antioxidants CAT and GPx.

• 8721671(NF-kappa B): Induction of NF-kB-like transcription factors in brain areas susceptible to kainate toxicity.

  Since NF-kB transcription factors are involved in cellular responses to diverse pathogenic stimuli and have been shown to be induced in astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines and growth factors , we investigated their possible involvement in the changes in gene expression subsequent to KA-induced lesions.

• 19864258(ATF3): Expression of stress-response ATF3 is mediated by Nrf2 in astrocytes.

  Here , we found that NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) , a transcription factor known to bind to antioxidant response element (ARE) in promoters , transcriptionally upregulated ATF3 expression in astrocytes.