IL-1 beta→Transforming Growth Factor beta→Estrogens→BRCA1

• 19445831(IL-1+beta): Administration of a live culture of Lactococcus lactis DPC 3147 into the bovine mammary gland stimulates the local host immune response, particularly IL-1beta and IL-8 gene expression.

  To understand the mode of action of this therapeutic , we looked at the detailed immune response of the host to delivery of this live strain directly into the mammary gland of six healthy dairy cows.

• 15905428(Transforming Growth Factor beta): Increased milk levels of transforming growth factor-alpha, beta1, and beta2 during Escherichia coli-induced mastitis.

  The growth factors/cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF) - alpha , TGF-beta1 , and TGF-beta2 are all expressed in the mammary gland and have been implicated in regulating mammary gland development.

• 2624883(Estrogens): Transforming growth factors in human breast cancer.

  Interference with (e.g. TGF alpha) or augmentation of (e.g. TGF beta) the effects of these two growth factors may have some potential clinical applications in the treatment of breast cancer.

• 20346095(BRCA1): Are estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers sporadic?

  There is a strong association between BRCA1 mutation carrier status and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.