IFN-gamma→Mucins→NF-kappa B→Interleukin-2→ATF2

• 19657406(IFN-gamma): High levels of proinflammatory cytokines, but not markers of tissue injury, in unaffected intestinal areas from patients with IBD.

  Biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn 's disease (CD) , from both affected and unaffected areas , and also from a group of colonic biopsies from healthy controls , were included in our study.

• 17058067(Mucins): Aberrant intestinal expression and allelic variants of mucin genes associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

  Therefore , ileal and colonic mucosal biopsies from nonaffected regions of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn 's disease (CD) , as well as non-IBD probands , were subjected to Affymetrix DNA-microarray analysis.

• 9928378(NF-kappa B): Cytokine gene transcription by NF-kappa B family members in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

  We examined the expression of the transcription factor NF-kappa B , a nuclear trans-acting factor known to play a key role in cytokine gene regulation , in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• 1624799(Interleukin-2): IFN-gamma and IL-2 cooperatively activate NF kappa B in murine peritoneal macrophages.

  The combination of IFN-gamma and IL-2 has been demonstrated to induce or promote transcription from selected inflammatory cytokine genes in both monocytes and macrophages.

• 16724115(ATF2): Inhibition of IFN-gamma transcription by site-specific methylation during T helper cell development.

  These findings suggest that rapid methylation of the evolutionarily conserved -53 CpG by Dnmt3a may suppress IFN-gamma transcription in developing TH2 cells by directly inhibiting transcription factor binding.