IFN-gamma→Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1→Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1→ATF3

• 19739012(IFN-gamma): Urinary evaluation of the balance between the soluble interferon-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR1) and the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Ralpha) in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

  The urinary soluble receptor levels did not correlate with the clinical severity of VUR.

• 1348968(Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1): Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is released by human melanoma cells and is associated with tumor growth in nude mice.

  Unstimulated cells express ICAM-1 on their cell surface but do not secrete significant levels of soluble ICAM-1.

• 12660163(Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1): p53 activates ICAM-1 (CD54) expression in an NF-kappaB-independent manner.

  Induction of ICAM-1 is abolished after treatment with the specific p53 inhibitor pifithrin-alpha and is abrogated in p53-deficient cell lines.

• 15933712(ATF3): Activating transcription factor 3, a stress sensor, activates p53 by blocking its ubiquitination.

  Thus , ATF3 is a novel stress-activated regulator of p53 protein stability/function providing the cell with a means of responding to a wide range of environmental insult , thus maintaining DNA integrity and protecting against cell transformation.