IFN-gamma→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→CREB

• 19739012(IFN-gamma): Urinary evaluation of the balance between the soluble interferon-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR1) and the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Ralpha) in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

  The urinary soluble receptor levels did not correlate with the clinical severity of VUR.

• 7957562(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Two inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, interleukin-10 and interleukin-4, have contrasting effects on release of soluble p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor by cultured monocytes.

  IL-10 , therefore , reduces the pro-inflammatory potential of TNF in three ways : by down-regulating surface TNF-R expression whilst increasing production of soluble TNF-R and inhibiting the release of TNF-alpha itself.

• 9670037(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): T cell receptor (TCR) engagement leads to activation-induced splicing of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) nuclear pre-mRNA.

  Expression of TNF has been previously demonstrated to be regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels.

• 19644446(CREB): Bipartite functions of the CREB co-activators selectively direct alternative splicing or transcriptional activation.

  Mutational analyses showed that CRTCs possess distinct functional domains responsible for regulating either pre-mRNA splicing or transcriptional activation.