IFN-gamma→Chemokines→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→ATF2

• 19773677(IFN-gamma): Gene polymorphism of IFNG +874 T/A and TLR4 +896 A/G and recurrent infections and wheezing in toddlers with history of bronchiolitis.

  Cytokine and TLR4 polymorphisms and their association with the infection history of 129 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the first 6 months of life were analyzed.

• 18755634(Chemokines): TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms alter mucosal cytokine and chemokine patterns in Mexican patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases.

  These results suggest that TLR4 SNPs contributes importantly to the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection.

• 10678925(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta up-regulate gastric mucosal Fas antigen expression in Helicobacter pylori infection.

  Taken together , these data indicate that the immune environment secondary to H. pylori infection plays a critical role in priming gastric mucosal cells to undergo apoptosis or to proliferate based upon their Fas Ag status.

• 10871852(ATF2): p38 protects human melanoma cells from UV-induced apoptosis through down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity and Fas expression.

  Identifying p38-mediated down-regulation of Fas expression illustrates a novel regulatory pathway by which ASK1/MKK6/p38 alters the degree and nature of the UV-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells.