IFN-gamma→Toll-Like Receptors→Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→ATF3

• 19773677(IFN-gamma): Gene polymorphism of IFNG +874 T/A and TLR4 +896 A/G and recurrent infections and wheezing in toddlers with history of bronchiolitis.

  Cytokine and TLR4 polymorphisms and their association with the infection history of 129 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the first 6 months of life were analyzed.

• 18809506(Toll-Like Receptors): Toll-like receptor (TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5) gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with and without duodenal ulcer.

  Our aim was to investigate whether TLR4 , TLR2 , and TLR5 polymorphisms were associated with H. pylori susceptibility and risk for duodenal ulcer in children.

• 17353291(Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88): Deficiencies of myeloid differentiation factor 88, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 produce specific defects in macrophage cytokine secretion induced by Helicobacter pylori.

  In conclusion , our study demonstrates that H. pylori activates TLR2 and TLR4 , leading to the secretion of distinct cytokines by macrophages.

• 16988837(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Presence of functional TLR2 and TLR4 on human adipocytes.

  In addition to the well-known role of adipose tissue in energy metabolism , it has recently been demonstrated that this tissue can secrete a large array of molecules , including inflammatory cytokines.

• 19254572(ATF3): Adipocyte CREB promotes insulin resistance in obesity.

  Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative CREB transgene in adipocytes displayed increased whole-body insulin sensitivity in the contexts of diet-induced and genetic obesity , and they were protected from the development of hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue inflammation.