IFN-gamma→Toll-Like Receptors→Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88→Toll-Like Receptors→STAT2

• 19773677(IFN-gamma): Gene polymorphism of IFNG +874 T/A and TLR4 +896 A/G and recurrent infections and wheezing in toddlers with history of bronchiolitis.

  Cytokine and TLR4 polymorphisms and their association with the infection history of 129 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the first 6 months of life were analyzed.

• 18809506(Toll-Like Receptors): Toll-like receptor (TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5) gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection in children with and without duodenal ulcer.

  Our aim was to investigate whether TLR4 , TLR2 , and TLR5 polymorphisms were associated with H. pylori susceptibility and risk for duodenal ulcer in children.

• 17353291(Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88): Deficiencies of myeloid differentiation factor 88, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 produce specific defects in macrophage cytokine secretion induced by Helicobacter pylori.

  In conclusion , our study demonstrates that H. pylori activates TLR2 and TLR4 , leading to the secretion of distinct cytokines by macrophages.

• 12356687(Toll-Like Receptors): Differential involvement of IFN-beta in Toll-like receptor-stimulated dendritic cell activation.

  Taken together , this study demonstrates differential involvement of type I IFN in TLR4 - and TLR9-induced effects on DC.

• 19754307(STAT2): Dengue virus NS5 inhibits interferon-alpha signaling by blocking signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 phosphorylation.

  We conclude that DENV NS5 is a potent and specific type I IFN antagonist.