IFN-gamma→Chemokines→Cyclooxygenase 2→CREB

• 19773677(IFN-gamma): Gene polymorphism of IFNG +874 T/A and TLR4 +896 A/G and recurrent infections and wheezing in toddlers with history of bronchiolitis.

  Cytokine and TLR4 polymorphisms and their association with the infection history of 129 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the first 6 months of life were analyzed.

• 18755634(Chemokines): TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms alter mucosal cytokine and chemokine patterns in Mexican patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases.

  These results suggest that TLR4 SNPs contributes importantly to the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection.

• 17492998(Cyclooxygenase 2): Enhanced activation of cyclooxygenase-2 downregulates Th1 signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa.

  The use of COX-2 selective inhibitors as immunomodulators in the course of H. pylori infection deserves investigations.

• 20032081(CREB): PPARgamma agonists inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing PKCalpha- and CREB-mediated COX-2 expression in the human endothelium.

  CONCLUSION : VEGF induces CREB-mediated COX-2 expression through a PKCalpha-dependent pathway in human endothelium.