TNF-alpha→Interleukin-6→Interleukin-1→ATF3

• 20058505(TNF-alpha): Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and hs-CRP in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.

  Serum hs-CRP (3.7 + / - 1.3 mg/L vs. 0.6 + / - 0.6 mg/L) and IL-1beta , IL-2R , IL-6 , IL-8 , IL-10 , TNF-alpha levels were all significantly higher in the homozygous FH group , compared to controls (P = 0.0001 , for all).

• 17362204(Interleukin-6): Association between serum values of C-reactive protein and cytokine production in whole blood of patients with type 2 diabetes.

  The basal values of IL-1beta , IL-6 and TNF-alpha were low and were not significantly related to hs-CRP levels.

• 16214025(Interleukin-1): Psychological stress activates interleukin-1beta gene expression in human mononuclear cells.

  Increases in IL-1beta gene expression correlated positively with plasma IL-6 responses , cardiovascular responses , subjective stress ratings , and anxiety symptoms.

• 12718878(ATF3): A self-enabling TGFbeta response coupled to stress signaling: Smad engages stress response factor ATF3 for Id1 repression in epithelial cells.

  Opposite responses of Id1 to TGFbeta and the related factor BMP are dictated by the specific ability of the TGFbeta mediator , Smad3 , to activate expression of stress response factor ATF3 and then recruit this factor to the Id1 promoter.