IL-1 beta→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→ATF3

• 20085044(IL-1+beta): Effect of peritoneal lavage on TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels and mortality in intraabdominal infections.

  The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of peritoneal lavage on TNF-alpha , IL-1beta , and IL-6 levels and mortality when the source control has or has not been established.

• 9865855(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Modulation of TNF-alpha mRNA production in rat C6 glioma cells by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-alpha: in vitro analysis of cytokine-cytokine interactions.

  Thus , IL-1beta , TNF-alpha and IL-6 interact to upregulate TNF-alpha mRNA expression synergistically , and IFN-alpha acts as an inhibitory cytokine in C6 glioma cells.

• 14532168(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Insulin stimulates interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.

  IL-6 mRNA increased 11 - , 3 - , and 5-fold at 2 , 4 , and 6 h , respectively , in adipose tissue (ANOVA P = 0.027) , whereas there was no significant effect of insulin on skeletal muscles.

• 19254572(ATF3): Adipocyte CREB promotes insulin resistance in obesity.

  Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative CREB transgene in adipocytes displayed increased whole-body insulin sensitivity in the contexts of diet-induced and genetic obesity , and they were protected from the development of hepatic steatosis and adipose tissue inflammation.