TNF-alpha→Interleukin-4→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→NF-KB

• 20104750(TNF-alpha): [The level of TNF-alpha secretion of PBMC in patients with chronic hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver]

  CONCLUSION : It suggested TNF-alpha takes important roles in the infection course of chronic hepatitis C with Nonalcoholic fatty liver.

• 11940380(Interleukin-4): T helper cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

  CONCLUSIONS : Th1 phenotype cytokines were positively correlated with hepatic inflammatory activity in chronic hepatitis B and Th2 cells may be associated with the persistence of HBV infection.

• 9528902(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphism is associated with chronic hepatitis B infection.

  These findings suggest an association between the TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism at position -238 and the development of chronic HBV infection.

• 17879952(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Catalase overexpression impairs TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB activation and sensitizes MCF-7 cells against TNF-alpha.

  Among the possible anti-apoptotic mechanisms of TNF-alpha is the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.

• 20195489(NF-KB): Activation of p73 and induction of Noxa by DNA damage requires NF-kappa B.

  Although the transcription factor NF-kappaB is most clearly linked to the inhibition of extrinsic apoptotic signals such as TNFalpha by upregulating known anti-apoptotic genes , NF-kappaB has also been proposed to be required for p53-induced apoptosis in transformed cells.