TNF-alpha→Ribavirin→Ribavirin→ATF2

• 20214221(TNF-alpha): Lovastatin and fluvastatin reduce viremia and the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the patients with chronic hepatitis C.

  CONCLUSIONS : Lovastatin and fluvastatin , significantly decrease the level of viremia , of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the patients with chronic hepatitis C.

• 10648463(Ribavirin): Hepatitis C virus-specific T-cell reactivity during interferon and ribavirin treatment in chronic hepatitis C.

  Resolution of hepatitis C viremia was significantly more likely in patients who developed HCV-specific T-cell proliferation with increased IFN-gamma production.

• 11298134(Ribavirin): Treatment with ribavirin and interferon-alpha reduces interferon-gamma expression in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

  The expression of IFN-gamma was significantly lower in patients that gained normal ALT levels with respect to those that did not.

• 16724115(ATF2): Inhibition of IFN-gamma transcription by site-specific methylation during T helper cell development.

  In vivo , the same factors bind to the unmethylated IFN-gamma promoter in T helper type 1 (TH1) cells but not the methylated IFN-gamma promoter in TH2 cells.