IFN-gamma→Interferon-gamma→NF-kappa B→CREB

• 20464128(IFN-gamma): Leishmania spp. parasite isolation through inoculation of patient biopsy macerates in interferon gamma knockout mice.

  Isolation of Leishmania parasite and species identification are important for confirmation and to help define the epidemiology of the leishmaniasis.

• 1733638(Interferon-gamma): Contribution of non-Leishmania-specific immunity to resistance to Leishmania infection in humans.

  Furthermore , supernatants of cells exposed to Leishmania promastigotes were able to inhibit the amastigote form of the same parasite.

• 18383035(NF-kappa B): A novel form of NF-kappaB is induced by Leishmania infection: involvement in macrophage gene expression.

  Here , we show that infection of macrophages with Leishmania promastigotes in vitro causes specific cleavage of the NF-kappaB p65 RelA subunit.

• 20103840(CREB): Bilirubin effect on endothelial adhesion molecules expression is mediated by the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.

  UCB prevented the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB induced by TNFalpha.