IL-1 beta→Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor→JunD

• 20616033(IL-1+beta): Mutant superoxide dismutase 1-induced IL-1beta accelerates ALS pathogenesis.

  Neuroinflammation contributes to ALS disease progression ; however , the inflammatory trigger remains unclear.

• 19733170(Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor): Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) exacerbates ALS disease in a mouse model through altered responses of microglia expressing mutant superoxide dismutase.

  Unexpectedly , M-CSF accelerated disease progression in SOD1 (G37R) mouse model of ALS.

• 1373742(JunD): Induction of junB expression, but not c-jun, by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the proliferative response of human myeloid leukemia cells.

  In parallel with regrowth from the G0/G1 resting state by addition of recombinant human G-CSF or M-CSF after serum deprivation , NKM-1 cells showed the transient expression of the junB gene with a peak of ninefold above the basal level between 40 and 60 min.