TNF-alpha→Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha→NF-kappa B→STAT2

• 20683023(TNF-alpha): Heterogeneity of radiation- and TNF-alpha-induced programmed cell death in carcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma cell lines.

  RESULTS : Three cell lines showed similar results with additive effects of TNF-alpha and radiation in both assays.

• 2391423(Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of influenza A virus-infected macrophages and potentiating effect of lipopolysaccharides.

  Thus , low amounts of LPS , which could easily be present in vivo , may serve as a potent trigger signal for TNF-alpha production from macrophages that have been primed by influenza A virus infection.

• 15269376(NF-kappa B): Active NF-kappaB signalling is a prerequisite for influenza virus infection.

  Therefore , it has been suggested that cellular cofactors that are essential for influenza virus infection might be better targets for antiviral therapy.

• 14557668(STAT2): Hendra virus V protein inhibits interferon signaling by preventing STAT1 and STAT2 nuclear accumulation.

  Here we demonstrate that the closely related Hendra virus V protein also inhibits cellular responses to IFN through binding and cytoplasmic sequestration of both STAT1 and STAT2 , but not STAT3.