glutamine→Glutamine→Glutamine→Glutamine→pyruvate kinase

• 17574581(glutamine): Oral glutamine prevents gut mucosal injury and improves mucosal recovery following lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia in a rat.

  To evaluate the effects of oral glutamine in preventing mucosal damage caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxemia in a rat.

• 15300914(Glutamine): Glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition prevents intestinal ischemia- reperfusion injury in rats.

  To examine whether glutamine prevents the injury to the intestinal mucosa after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.

• 1653666(Glutamine): Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on septic rats.

  The effect of total parenteral nutrition with or without glutamine enrichment was studied in septic rats after 4 days of treatment.

• 16077744(Glutamine): Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

  Studies in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that supplementation of total parenteral nutrition with glutamine (gln) , a conditionally essential amino acid in catabolic conditions , increases gln plasma concentrations , reduces intestinal damage , improves nitrogen balance and may improve the course of the disease.

• 17577247(pyruvate kinase): Fecal M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a novel marker of intestinal inflammation.

  Surrogate markers of bowel inflammation are increasingly being recognized as important , not only as markers of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but also to differentiate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) from IBD.