glutamine→Glutamine→Glutamine→pyruvate kinase

• 17826795(glutamine): Intraluminal glutamine administration during ischemia worsens survival after gut ischemia-reperfusion.

  We hypothesized that intraluminal GLN during ischemia would also protect against gut I/R.

• 12005457(Glutamine): Total parenteral nutrition supplementation with glutamine improves survival after gut ischemia/reperfusion.

  Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) alters gut cytokines and mucosal immunity and increases intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression , gut neutrophil levels , and mortality after gut ischemia.

• 16077744(Glutamine): Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

  Studies in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that supplementation of total parenteral nutrition with glutamine (gln) , a conditionally essential amino acid in catabolic conditions , increases gln plasma concentrations , reduces intestinal damage , improves nitrogen balance and may improve the course of the disease.

• 17577247(pyruvate kinase): Fecal M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK): a novel marker of intestinal inflammation.

  Surrogate markers of bowel inflammation are increasingly being recognized as important , not only as markers of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but also to differentiate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) from IBD.