pyruvate kinase→Pyruvate Kinase→Glucagon→glutamine

• 18487439(pyruvate kinase): Vanadate induction of L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

  In primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes , vanadate in the presence of glucose stimulates the expression of the liver (L-type) pyruvate kinase gene.

• 2545675(Pyruvate Kinase): Regulation of the expression of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

  In these cells , the gene for L-type pyruvate kinase is expressed only when glucose and insulin are present together , each of them being inactive by itself.

• 6386057(Glucagon): Effects of insulin, glucagon and dexamethasone on pyruvate kinase in cultured hepatocytes.

  However , insulin increased the cellular content of the pyruvate kinase activator fructose-1 ,6 - diphosphate.

• 3569695(glutamine): The maximal activity of phosphate-dependent glutaminase and glutamine metabolism in the colon and the small intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

  It is concluded that insulin is directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism of the gut.